Diminished expected returns accompanied by expanding risk, cost inflation, and growing liabilities (associated with carbon reduction, remediation, and climate impact initiatives) have irreversibly changed the oil and gas industry. In this mature capital-intensive sector that is facing long-term demand decline and an increased likelihood of stranded assets, investors are pressing for financial discipline and not production growth. As renewable energy gains ground and creditors, consumers and insurers are leveling calls for carbon reduction and climate impact mitigation, energy lobbyists are applying pressure to secure greater subsidies and government policies that enhance the economic advantages these companies count on. IEEFA closely monitors the industry and brings to light the domestic and global incentives that the oil and gas industry relies on to enhance its financial standing at the expense of consumers, public health, and the environment.