EU Gas Flows Tracker
Last updated: April 2025
About
IEEFA’s EU Gas Flows Tracker is an interactive data tool to visualise Europe’s gas pipeline flows. It is built by compiling data from Eurostat, the EU Joint Research Centre’s security of gas supply dashboard and IEEFA analysis.
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Data policy
This page provides data from publicly available datasets provided on the EU security of gas supply dashboard of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission. The JRC states that the “data published in the dashboard is sourced exclusively from public information.” Any use (including distribution or publication) of the data should properly attribute the source, “Eurostat, JRC EU security of supply dashboard, IEEFA analysis,” but not in any way that suggests that IEEFA endorses the user their use of the data.
Reducing gas consumption: the EU’s solution to its import dependency
As EU countries rely on gas imports via pipelines and LNG shipments, the bloc is constantly exposed to geopolitical issues and price volatility.
"Imports" refer to gas and LNG received in the EU from a country outside the bloc. To meet demand, EU countries import pipeline gas from Norway, the UK, Algeria, Russia, Azerbaijan, Libya and Türkiye. They also import LNG from the US, Russia, Qatar, Algeria, Nigeria and Norway, among others.
Between 2021 and 2024, EU countries reduced their combined imports of gas and LNG by 18% thanks to a 20% decrease in gas consumption. This drop in consumption, together with diversifying import sources, shifting gas flows and installing more renewables, has helped the EU secure its energy supply.
The end of Russian gas transit via Ukraine on 1 January 2025 – totalling about 15 billion cubic metres in 2024 – led to a 13% year-on-year increase in EU LNG imports in the first quarter of 2025. However, the bloc’s combined gas and LNG imports were flat in that quarter and 1% less than in the same period of 2023.
If the EU’s gas reduction policies continue in place, the bloc could satisfy demand without additional gas infrastructure or increased imports. As more renewables are installed and some gas consumption is replaced with heat pumps, the EU can boost its long-term energy security and energy independence by investing in strengthening its electricity grid.
The gas supply landscape has experienced drastic changes since the beginning of 2022. Declining EU pipeline gas imports between 2021 and 2023 were partly offset by more LNG imports. However, EU LNG imports fell by 16% year on year in 2024, while gas pipeline imports increased by 2%.
As imports of Russian pipeline gas have declined, EU countries have increased their reliance on LNG. However, IEEFA forecasts that the bloc’s LNG demand has already peaked.
Norway replaces Russia as EU’s top supplier of pipeline gas
Norway now accounts for about half of the EU’s pipeline gas supply. Flows from the country have increased to make up for falling deliveries from Russia between 2021 and 2023.
Although the EU aims to end its reliance on Russian fossil fuels by 2027, the bloc’s 2024 combined imports of Russian gas and LNG increased by 19.5% year on year.
The following charts show gas pipeline import volumes to EU countries. These flows can be split into three routes: northern, southern and eastern.
European gas/LNG import points and interconnection pipelines are shown in this map from Gas Infrastructure Europe and the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Gas.
Norway, Russia and Algeria were the three main suppliers of pipeline gas to the EU in 2024.
Germany slashed pipe gas imports between 2021 and 2024. Having bought more Russian pipeline gas than any other EU country in 2021, Germany exclusively imported Norwegian pipeline gas last year.
The end of gas transit via Ukraine caused a decline in EU imports of Russian pipeline gas in the first quarter of 2025.
But while EU imports of Russian pipeline gas via Belarus fell by 23% year on year in that quarter, its imports of Russian gas via Türkiye increased by 16%.
The quarter also saw more EU pipeline imports from Algeria and Türkiye.
European cross-border flows
The following charts show gas flows between European countries. The flows consist of gas produced domestically and volumes originally imported by pipeline or via ships in the form of LNG.
The direction of these flows has shifted in recent years due to changes in gas supply sources.
Before 2022, Russia was the largest source of EU pipeline imports, with the volumes flowing westwards through cross-border interconnections. Under the EU’s Security of Gas Supply Regulation, transmission system operators are encouraged to establish capacity for gas transport in both directions.
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