Japan has put the security of energy supply as its number one priority for decades, pursuing an ‘all of the above’ approach when looking at energy sources. This has led Japan to become the largest importer of LNG, and a leading importer of coal and oil. Regionally, the Japanese government and industry have played an outsized roles in fostering the development of neighbouring countries, promoting energy mixes that often mimic those back home. However, the world, its economics, and its climate-impacted energy directions have changed, and Japan is struggling to find a new balance both domestically and regionally.